孔院微课堂 | 驱瘟避恶，端午安康

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 驱瘟避恶

端午安康

农历五月初五是中国的传统节日端午节。端午节最早是驱瘟避恶的节日。在古代中国，农历五月被认为是“恶月”。这时天气湿热，蚊蝇毒虫也都出来活动，多病毒疫疾。于是，除了吃粽子、赛龙舟之外，人们在端午节还会打扫庭院、悬挂艾草、洒雄黄粉、系五彩缕，以驱瘟避恶、祈求平安。

The Dragon Boat Festival, falling on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, is a traditional Chinese festival. Initially, it was an occasion to drive away plagues and avoid evil. In ancient China, the fifth lunar month was considered the “evil month”, when diseases were prone to occur. In part because mosquitoes, flies and poisonous insects became active as the weather became hot and humid. Therefore, while eating glutinous rice dumplings and racing dragon boats, the ancient Chinese would also clean their courtyard, hang bunches of Chinese mugwort, sprinkle realgar powder, and tie five-color strands during the Dragon Boat Festival to ward off evil and pray for safety.

1.挂艾草

Hanging Bunches of Chinese Mugwort

艾草Chinese Mugwort

艾草是多年生草本植物，中国各地普遍野生。它的茎、叶含芳香油，可作调香原料，也可以用来杀虫和防治植物病害。艾叶油有明显的平喘、镇咳、祛痰及消炎作用。

Chinese mugwort is a wild perennial herb widely distributed in all parts of China. Its stems and leaves contain aromatic oils, which can be used as a raw material for flavoring, eliminating insects and preventing plant diseases. Oil extracted from its leaves has obvious anti-asthmatic, antitussive, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory effects.

在古代中国，烧艾、艾灸是一种常见的防疫、保健手段。端午时节门上挂艾的习俗流传至今，艾灸则成为了中医针灸中的一种常用灸法。

In ancient China, burning mugwort and moxibustion were common means of epidemic prevention and health care. The custom of hanging bunches of Chinese mugwort around the door during the Dragon Boat Festival has been passed down to the present, while moxibustion has become one of the most commonly used therapies in traditional Chinese medicine.

2.悬菖蒲

Hanging Calamus Bunches

菖蒲Calamus

菖蒲是多年水生草本植物，中国各地都有野生或栽培。其叶狭长如剑，有香气；根茎也作药用，可提神通窍、化痰止咳。

Calamus is a perennial aquatic herb, either found wild or cultivated throughout China. Its leaves are long and narrow like swords with a fragrance, while the rhizomes are used for medicinal purposes since it is thought to refresh the mind and clear the orifices, dispersing phlegm and relieving cough.

端午时节，人们常将菖蒲叶与艾草结扎成束，或烧其花序，以熏蚊虫。

During the Dragon Boat Festival, the Chinese often tie calamus leaves and Chinese mugwort into bundles or burn calamus inflorescences to expel mosquitoes and insects.

3.插蜀葵

Arranging Hollyhock

蜀葵Hollyhock

蜀葵是二年生草本植物，因花期在端午节前后，被人称为端午花。蜀葵嫩叶及花可食，全草入药，有清热解毒的功效。

Hollyhock is a biennial herb, known as the Dragon Boat Flower, because it blooms around the Dragon Boat Festival. Its young leaves and flowers are edible, while the entire plant can be used as herbal medicine, for heat clearing and detoxifying effects.

古代端午时节，人们也常将蜀葵插在大门前或室内的花瓶中。

During the Dragon Boat Festival, the ancient Chinese often put hollyhocks in front of the gate or in vases indoors.

4.佩药囊

Wearing Herbal Sachets

清 《端阳故事图》册 《采药草》 徐扬

题：“五日午时蓄采众药治病，最效验。”

Collecting Herbs by Xu Yang, from Pictorial Customs of the Dragon Boat Festival, Qing Dynasty (1636 -1912) 

Inscription: “Herbs collected between 11 am and 13 pm of the 5th day of the 5th lunar month are known to have the strongest efficacy.”

DRAGON BOAT FESTIVAL

端午前后，一些中草药茎叶成熟，药性强，恰好入药，所以传统认为端午也是采药、制药的好时节，许多中药铺也常常在这一天分发药囊。

Around the Dragon Boat Festival, the stems and leaves of some Chinese herbal medicines become fully grown, reaching their strongest medicinal properties, and becoming ready to be used as medicine. Therefore, the Dragon Boat Festival is traditionally believed to be the ideal time for collecting and preparing herbals. Many TCM (traditional Chinese medicine) shops often distribute herbal sachets on this day.

古代端午时节，人们常将药囊悬挂于门户、帐前或佩戴于手臂、腰间，以求提神驱虫、防治疫病。

During the Dragon Boat Festival, the ancient Chinese often hung an herbal sachet on the door, in front of the bed, or wore it on the arm or waist, in order to refresh the mind, expel insects and prevent diseases.

5.洒雄黄

Sprinkle Realgar Powder

雄黄是一种矿物质，有毒。中医上用于解毒、杀虫，可外用。

Realgar (arsenic sulfide) is a poisonous mineral. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is also used externally for detoxification and insect elimination.

古代端午时节，人们以其画额、涂耳鼻，节前打扫屋子时洒雄黄水，以达卫生保健的目的，也有一些地区会在白酒或黄酒里加入微量粉末状雄黄制成雄黄酒，不过现代科学研究表明，雄黄酒外用尚可，饮则有害，须慎用。

During the Dragon Boat Festival, the ancients usually painted their forehead, ears and nose with realgar powder, and sprinkled realgar water when cleaning the house before the festival for sanitation and health care. In some districts, people would add a little realgar powder into white or yellow wine to make realgar wine. However, modern studies have shown that realgar wine can only be used externally and direct drinking could be harmful to one’s health.

6.驱五毒

Expelling the Five Poisonous Vermin

清 黄慎《端午钟馗图》

The Exorcist Zhong Kui on Dragon Boat Festival by Huang Shen, Qing Dynasty (1636 -1912)

古人认为，蝎子、蛇、壁虎、蜈蚣、蟾蜍为五种毒虫，俗称“五毒”。 

The ancients believed that scorpions, snakes, geckos, centipedes, and toads were five types of poisonous creatures, commonly known as “the five poisonous vermin.”

古代端午时节，人们常以黄纸绘制天师、钟馗或者五毒的图像，盖以朱印，贴于门上或墙壁之上，以“驱五毒”。 

In ancient times, during the Dragon Boat Festival, people used to draw images of Tianshi, Zhong Kui or the five poisonous creatures on yellow paper, then stamp a red seal, and paste the paper on doors or walls to “expel the five poisonous vermin.”

Tianshi（lit. Celestial Masters）are Taoist masters allegedly being able to draw charms for eliminating evil spirits.

Zhong Kui, a god in Chinese mythology, are believed to have the capability to exorcise demons.

7.系五彩缕

Wearing Five-color Strands

五彩缕

Five-color Strands

在中国传统文化中，“青、赤、黄、白、黑”象征五方五行。端午以五色丝线合成细缕、系于臂上，称为“长命缕”，依托祈福纳吉的美好寓意。

In traditional Chinese culture, the colors of green, red, yellow, white, and black symbolizes the five directions and five elements (metal, wood, water, fire, earth). During the Dragon Boat Festival, silk threads of the five colors were woven into a strand known as the “longevity strand” and tied to the arm to carry auspicious connotations.

端午将至，让我们一起清扫庭院、强身健体、积极防疫，互道一声“端午安康”！

As the Dragon Boat Festival draws near, let’s clean the courtyard, try some toning exercises, follow the epidemic policy, and wish each other happiness and good health. 

参考文献

1. 夏征农, 陈至立. 辞海[M]. 6. 上海:上海辞书出版社, 2009.

2. 永辉. 《艾灸图》：古人是如何防疫的[J]. 美文, 2020(4).

3.央视网书画. 端午节：古代的卫生防疫日[EB/OL]. [2022-05-17]. https://arts.cctv.com/2020/06/22/ARTIYvTTUCetzvzMf5JtqGEx200622.shtml.

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内容编辑：吴晓静  刘希  姚媛媛

图文编辑：何纯洁（实习）

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